Lithium iron phosphate battery is a type of lithium-ion battery that uses lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) as the cathode material and carbon as the anode material. The rated voltage of a single cell is 3.2V, and the charging cut-off voltage is 3.6V to 3.65V. During the charging process, some lithium ions in lithium iron phosphate are released and transferred through the electrolyte to the negative electrode, where they are embedded in the carbon material of the negative electrode. At the same time, electrons are released from the positive electrode and reach the negative electrode through the external circuit, maintaining the equilibrium of the chemical reaction. During the discharge process, lithium ions are released from the anode and travel through the electrolyte to the positive electrode. At the same time, electrons are released from the negative electrode and travel from the external circuit to the positive electrode, providing energy to the outside world. Lithium iron phosphate batteries have the advantages of high working voltage, large energy density, long cycle life, good safety performance, low self-discharge rate and no memory effect.
The P-O bond in lithium iron phosphate crystals is stable and difficult to decompose. Even at high temperatures or overcharging, it will not collapse and generate heat like lithium cobalt oxide or form strong oxidizing substances. The decomposition temperature of lithium iron phosphate is approximately 600ºC, thus it has excellent safety. Although there have been cases of combustion and explosion under overcharging conditions, its overcharging safety has been greatly improved compared with that of ordinary liquid electrolyte lithium cobalt oxide batteries and ternary batteries. The cycle life of long-life lead-acid batteries is around 300 times, with a maximum of approximately 500 times. In contrast, the cycle life of lithium iron phosphate power batteries exceeds 2,000 times. With standard charging (0.2C,5 hours), it can reach 2,000 times. Lead-acid batteries of the same quality have a lifespan of "half a year for new use, half a year for old use, and another half a year for repair and patching", with a maximum of 1 to 1.5 years. However, under the same conditions, the theoretical lifespan of lithium iron phosphate batteries will reach 7 to 8 years. Taking all factors into account, the performance-to-price ratio is theoretically more than four times that of lead-acid batteries. High-current discharge enables rapid charging and discharging at a high current of 2C. Under a dedicated charger, the battery can be fully charged within 40 minutes with a 1.5C charge, and the starting current can reach 2C, a feature that lead-acid batteries do not have. The high-temperature performance of lithium iron phosphate is excellent, with the thermal peak reaching 350ºC-500ºC, while that of lithium manganate and lithium cobalt oxide is only around 200ºC. The operating temperature range is wide (-20 ° C to +75 ° C), and it has high-temperature resistance. The thermal peak of lithium iron phosphate can reach 350 ° C to 500 ° C, while that of lithium manganate and lithium cobalt oxide is only around 200 ° C. It has a larger capacity than ordinary batteries (such as lead-acid batteries). From the energy density of the battery, it can be known that the energy density of lead-acid batteries is approximately 40WH/kg, while the energy density of the mainstream lithium iron phosphate batteries on the market is all above 90WH/kg. When rechargeable batteries without memory effect are often fully charged but not completely discharged, their capacity will rapidly drop below the rated capacity value. This phenomenon is called the memory effect. Batteries like nickel-metal-hydride and nickel-cadmium have memory properties, while lithium iron phosphate batteries do not have this phenomenon (lithium-ion batteries generally do not have a memory effect). No matter what state the battery is in, it can be charged and used at any time without the need to be completely discharged before recharging. The volume of lithium iron phosphate batteries of the same specification and capacity is two-thirds that of lead-acid batteries, and their weight is one-third. However, their energy density is several times that of lead-acid batteries. This environmentally friendly battery is generally regarded as free of any heavy metals and rare metals (nickel-metal-hydride batteries require rare metals), non-toxic (SGS certified), pollution-free, and compliant with the European RoHS regulations, making it a green and environmentally friendly battery. One of the important reasons why lithium batteries are favored by the industry is environmental protection considerations. However, one point should be faced squarely. It's good that lithium batteries belong to the new energy industry, but they cannot avoid the problem of heavy metal pollution either. In the processing of metal materials, lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, chromium and other substances may all be released into dust and water. Batteries themselves are a kind of chemical substance, so there is a possibility of generating two types of pollution: one is the pollution from process excreta during the production process; The second is battery pollution after scrapping.
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